来源: 发布时间:2022-10-15 15:53:00
外国人眼中的“中国白”|美国作家Robert H. Blumenfield笔下的何朝宗
何朝宗何许人也?这是一个一直以来从未间断过思考的问题。
何朝宗,一位瓷都德化明代举世闻名的瓷塑大师,其独树一帜的精湛技艺和形成的“何”派艺术驰名中外,被誉为“东方艺术”的精品。
然而,关于这位闻名世界的瓷塑大师的生卒年月及个人经历等在地方文献中却鲜有记载。
那么,这个问题是否能在外国作者有关“德化”“中国白”“德化瓷”的著作中得到说明?
近期,外国人眼中的“中国白”栏目将对有关“何朝宗”的研究进行梳理,以期找到其中的线索。
从何而来?万瓷朝宗
——美国作家Robert H. Blumenfield笔下的何朝宗(二)
美国作家Robert H. Blumenfield(普孟斐)曾于20世纪九十年代到访德化,在他所著《Blanc de Chine—— the Great Porcelain of Dehua 》(《中国白:伟大的德化瓷器》,Ten Speed Press出版社,2002年第1版)一书中,有以下一段记述:
“Perhaps the most emblematic moment of my entire trip occurred at the Dehua porce-lain museum.In the entrance hall there stood a huge statue of the master,He Chaozong. Imagine the effect on me when I saw that statue. As a collector of blanc de Chine, my visit to Dehua was like a Muslim's visit to Mecca. And now I found myself gazing upon a larger-than-life reproduction of the greatest blanc de Chine creator of all.”(“也许我整个行程中最具有象征意义的时刻发生在我参观德化陶瓷博物馆的时候。博物馆门厅里伫立着一尊何朝宗的巨大雕像。——何朝宗,最伟大的陶瓷艺术大师!想象一下,当我看到那座雕像时的感受。作为一个中国白的收藏家,我对德化的访问就像一个穆斯林对麦加的朝觐!现在,我发现自己正在凝视着一位中国白最伟大的创造者的大型造像。”)(德化陶瓷博物馆旧址位于德化县东大路醒龙桥头——编者注)
何朝宗坐像
背面何朝宗印
《中国白:伟大的德化瓷器》成书于2002年,内容涉及中国白瓷器的历史、款识、工艺、窑业发展等方方面面,是研究德化陶瓷生产、收藏、对外交流不可多得的珍贵资料。尤其值得一提的是,在书中,普孟斐对何朝宗——这位至今为止德化最伟大的瓷塑家的瓷塑作品的断代,以及他的生平和时代,有详细的分析:
3.离后所村不远处有座白泥崎,又名观音歧。
“He Chaozong was also known as He Lai and Lai Guan and was a native of Housuo, Longtai Village,Xunzhong District,Dehua County.His hometown was renowned for an earby high-quality deposit of kaolin stone;this mine was known as Bainiqi,or White Clay Fork.Because of the superb Guanyins produced from that stone,the mine was also calledGuanyinqi.The presence of this kaolin deposit created a natural incentive for the community to work in the porcelain business,and many members of He's family were so employed.
何朝宗又名何来、来观,是德化浔中镇隆泰后所村人。他的家乡因盛产优质高岭土矿而闻名;这座矿山被称为白泥歧。由于从那里的石头提炼的高岭土能够制作最优质的观音,因此也被称为观音歧。这种高岭土矿床的存在自然而然激励了该地区的人从事瓷业生产,何朝宗家族的许多成员都如此受雇。”
4.从中国文献的记载来看,何朝宗在十七世纪早期活跃。
“The only contemporaneous mention of He's name is in the 1612 Quanzhou Fu Zhi,arecord of the local history of the Quanzhou District of Fujian Province,reprinted in 1870. …The text reads:"He Chaozong,whose native origin is unknown though some believe his ancestral district to be Jungcheng of Dehua,is adept at making porcelain images of such figures as Buddhist monks and Guanyin,which have become famous and highly treasured throughout the land."This clearly indicates that He was activein the early seventeenth century.
同一时期唯一提到何朝宗名字的是在1612年的《泉州府志》,这是一本记录福建泉州地区历史的书,于1870年重印。……文字上写道:‘何朝宗,不知何许人,或云祖籍德化,寓郡城,善陶磁像,为僧伽大士,天下传宝之’。这清楚地表明何朝宗活跃于17世纪初。”
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